Resumo GEOGRAPHY - A1P3
REGIONS
- Northern Asia: Russia (Siberian)
- Central Asia: Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan
- South Asia: India and Nepal
- Southeastern Asia: Indonesia and Vietnam
- Far East: China and Japan
- Middle East: Iraq and Israel
RELIEF & HYDROGRAPHY
- Hug and tall mountain ranges were originated from tectonic plates movements, such as the Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates, which formed the Himalayan mountain range.
- The long rivers many times are fed by melting ice accumulated in the top of these tall mountains.
- The rivers carry sediments that enriches the soil, supporting agricultural development.
- Main rivers: Indu, Ganges, Euphrates and Tigris
- Main use: irrigate crops, generate electricity and water supply to the population.
POPULATION
- Its unevenly distributed population may be explained by:
- Climate and relief
- Resource availability
- Economic development
- Social, political and historical reasons
- Its population is also increasing exponentially, with birth rates maintaining high, while death rates have decreased with medical and hygiene improvements.
- Some of the most populated countries (China and India) have implemented population control methods to reduce birth rates, such as the one-child policy in China.
CLIMATE & VEGETATION
- Cold: near the Arctic Circle and high latitudes, with harsh winters and milder summers (vegetation = boreal forest or taiga with pine trees).
- Cold Mountain: large mountain ranges in the central part of the continent, with harsh winters and a lot of snowing (vegetation = alpine meadows and boreal forest in lower altitude).
- Temperate: in mid-latitudes with 4 well defined seasons and precipitation regularly throughout the year and snow in winter (vegetation = temperate or deciduous forest, with trees losing their leaves in autumn and winter).
- Tropical: high average temperatures and dry winters (vegetation = tropical rainforest in humidity and savannas in dry places)
- Subtropical: hot and rainy summers and long and cool winters (vegetation = subtropical forests)
- Mediterranean: hot summers and cold, rainy winters with medium temperatures (vegetation = mediterranean vegetation, with shrublands)
- Desert: large mountains block the moist air masses from coming to deserts, which makes them very dry, with hot days and cold nights (vegetation = species adapted to water scarcity, such as cacti)
- Equatorial: near the Equator line, with high average temperatures and high rainfall levels (vegetation = equatorial forest, rich in biodiversity)
- Semi-arid: low annual rainfall and high temperatures (vegetation = steppe, with herbaceous plants)
CHINA
- Its unbalanced population is concentrated in Eastern China, and there are fewer populations in the west, due to mountains and deserts.
- In 1949 there were investments in heavy industries with Socialism.
- In 1970's there was the economic plan of the "4 modernizations", investing in agriculture, technology, defense and industry sectors.
- Nowadays, etc Special Economic Zones attract foreign companies and offer low taxes, cheap labor and technologies invested, with its current trade model being "socialist market economy", a mix of socialism policies with an economic market opened to exports.
- Its government has a 1 party system, being authoritarian and having no fully political freedom.
- Their exports-led industries have negative consequences, such as poor working conditions and environmental problems, resulting in health challenges for the population.
INDIA
- The population is unevenly distributed, predominant along the Ganges river and major urban centers on the coast and inland.
- The country's population is still majorly (65%) countryside/rural, but the rural exodus has developed the cities into metropolises with lack of infrastructure and legal housing.
- Since it has gained independence it begun to develop economically, beginning with basic industries and advancing later to superstructure and techno-scientific investments.
- India has also attracted foreign companies with tax reductions and cheap labor hired in Export Processing Zones, by the 1970's.
- Its mineral industry also has significant potential, as well as agricultural.
- But it has emerged as an software exports, with production majorly in Bangalore, and investments in researches and educational facilities.
RUSSIA
- Being the main heir of USSR, it had a tuff time adopting to capitalism, privatizing state-owned companies and asking international loans to modernize industries.
- Putin was a strong leader, which helped stabilize the economy, with exports of energy resources, but still quite dependent on these oil and natural gas exports.
- Russia is a great natural power due to fertile regions on its european side, strategic geographic position and abundance in energy resources naturally.
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